Pakistan-China Strategic Partnership Historical Foundations, Economic Cooperation, and Security Dimensions in the 21st Century

Abstract

This paper examines the Pakistan–China strategic partnership from its historical roots to its contemporary economic and security dimensions in the 21st century. It argues that the relationship—framed as an “all-weather” strategic partnership—has been underpinned by historical diplomatic alignment, convergent strategic interests (particularly vis-à-vis India and great-power politics), and rapidly deepening economic ties epitomized by the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Simultaneously, China’s expanding economic footprint in Pakistan has created complex security dynamics: protection of Chinese personnel and projects, local grievances in project areas (notably Gwadar and parts of Balochistan), and concerns among third parties about regional balance. This paper synthesizes scholarly analyses, policy reports, and contemporary reporting to (1) map the relationship’s evolution, (2) analyze economic cooperation and its benefits/risks for Pakistan, and (3) assess the security implications for both states and the wider region. Policy recommendations focus on transparency, local integration, diversified investment, and cooperative security arrangements that respect Pakistan’s sovereignty and local sensitivities.