AI in Defense: Governance Gaps and Strategic Pathways for Pakistan

Abstract

This paper explores the changing function of artificial intelligence (AI) in military governance, particularly exploring Pakistan's journey in global and regional longevity contexts. It not only examines global paradigms such as structured monitoring methods in the United States, swift military-civil integration in China, and confined centralization in Russia, but also illustrates comparative experiences from middle powers. Pakistan's institutional advances in UAV program development and AI research centers are evaluated against the persistent governance void, which encompasses the lack of AI doctrine within the military and ethical guidelines. The paper ends with proposed frameworks for responsible adoption that call for ethical frameworks, regional cooperation and strategically proactive governance. In doing so, this study situates Pakistan’s experience within broader debates on strategic stability, arms races, and ethical regulation of emerging technologies. It highlights how insufficient governance risks fueling regional insecurity, especially in the context of Pakistan’s rivalry with India. The paper argues that governance is as vital as technological advancement, stressing the urgent need for doctrinal clarity, civil–military integration, and alignment with international AI norms. Only by combining innovation with accountability can Pakistan ensure that military AI enhances national security while contributing positively to global stability.