ACADEMIA International Journal for Social Sciences
ACADEMIA International Journal for Social Sciences (AIJSS) - HEC recognized Y Category Journal, the premier journal for academics, researchers, and enthusiasts that focus the subjects but not limit the fields of Archeology, Anthropology, Archival Studies, Economics, Econometrics, English Literature, Disaster Management, Accounting, Political Science, Public Administration, Defense and Strategic studies, International Relations, Management Science, Marketing, HR, Agriculture, Psychology including clinical, Industrial, and Developmental Psychology, Criminology, Philosophy, Sociology, Iqbal Studies/Iqbaliyat, Rural Development Studies, Social Work, Criminology, Library and Information Sciences, History, Demography and Population Studies, Ethnography, Conservation Studies, Religious Studies / Comparative Religion, Islamic Studies / Arabic Studies, Education, Special Education, Law and Legislature, Home Economics, Pakistan Studies, Peace & Conflict Studies, Behavioral Sciences, Women and Gender Studies, American /studies, Area Studies, Development Studies, Journalism, Mass Communication, Media Studies, Rural / Urban Studies, Women Studies. Announcement: Change in Publication Frequency Following the recommendation of the Editorial Board, we are pleased to announce that the journal has transitioned to a monthly publication schedule which was previously publishing on a quarterly basis. Effective from Oct, 2025 the journal will now publish monthly issues. This decision reflects our commitment to providing timely dissemination of high-quality research and to accommodating the growing volume of scholarly submissions. We thank our authors, reviewers, and readers for their continued support and look forward to serving the academic community with more frequent and impactful publications.
Automatic Detection of Code-Switching Patterns in Pakistan ESL Classrooms Using NLP Techniques
This paper will look at the code-switching practices in ESL classrooms in Pakistan, and its automatic identification using Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. Using quantitative research design, the data were gathered on classroom discourse in selected universities in the public sector in the cities of Bahawalpur and Rahim Yar Khan. The data, which included teacher explanations, student interactions, and group discussions, were transcribed and analyzed with the help of the token-level language identification, n-gram analysis, and machine learning models. The results indicate that code-switching is common and contextual with the greatest frequency being observed in collaborative learning context. According to functional analysis, it is mostly applied in terms of description and clarification, which facilitates understanding and involvement. The statistical outcomes show that there is a significant positive correlation between code-switching and learning outcomes. Also, hybrid models developed based on NLP showed the best accuracy in detecting patterns of code switching and this underlines their reliability and applicability in education research. The research concludes that code-switching is an important pedagogical tool and that NLP is a scalable, data-driven methodology of studying multilingual classroom discourse.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Abdul Khaliq, Muhammad Zohair, Shoaib Yaseen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AI-Powered Adaptive English Learning Systems for Personalized Language Instruction in Pakistani Universities
This paper examines the efficacy of adaptive learning systems of English with AI in the context of delivering personalized language education in Pakistani universities. The quantitative research design was used to collect data in the form of structured questionnaires and system-generated learning analytics. 200 students and instructors took part in data collection. The research problem is as follows: Can system adaptability and feedback quality play a role in the engagement, motivation, and language proficiency of students? The results indicate that adaptive systems can significantly improve learning outcomes with providing customized content, real-time feedback, and personalized learning paths. Most students were found to be highly engaged and significant progress was made in the major language skills, especially fluency. Statistical results have demonstrated the existence of strong positive relationships between system adaptability, feedback quality, engagement and learning outcomes, with feedback proving to be the most effective predictor. The findings also underscore the fact that individualized learning contexts encourage active engagement and enhance understanding, which is akin to constructivist and differentiated instruction theories. Nevertheless, issues like the lack of technological infrastructure and different rates of digital literacy influence the consistency in the effectiveness of these systems. The researchers conclude that AI-enhanced adaptive learning systems can be used to tackle the issue of improving English language education in Pakistan in case institutional and technological obstacles are overcome.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Abdul Khaliq, Abdul Moiz, Mubashir Shahzad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AI-Based Speech Recognition Systems for Improving English Pronunciation among Pakistani ESL Learners
The speech recognition technologies based on artificial intelligence (AI) are revolutionizing the way the second language is learned, especially in the process of enhancing the pronunciation of the English language among ESL students. This paper examines how AI-based speech recognition technologies can improve pronunciation accuracy, fluency, and confidence in Pakistani university students. The research design used was a mixed-method research design in which pre-test and post-test assessment as well as questionnaires and interviews were used. Participants used AI applications like ELSA Speak and Google Speech-to-Text during a four- to six-week time frame. Quantitative outcomes showed the improvement of the pronunciation accuracy significantly, and qualitative outcomes were expressed in the form of the increased learner motivation, autonomy, and engagement. Nonetheless, it was found that there were challenges like internet addiction, the inability to recognize accents, and access to technology. The paper finds that AI-based pronunciation devices are scalable, customized, and effective learning tools, and are therefore quite applicable in Pakistani ESL settings. When incorporated into language programs, these types of technologies can help to considerably increase training in pronunciation and speaking skills in general.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Abdul Khaliq, Baila Munir, Sonia Razzaq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Collaborative Professionalism: The Role of Professional Learning Communities in Transforming Teaching Quality
This study explores how collaborative professionalism, embodied through Professional Learning Communities, serves as a catalyst for enhancing teaching quality and student outcomes. Grounded in the principles of shared responsibility, collective inquiry, and mutual support, PLCs provide educators with structured opportunities to engage in reflective dialogue, co-design instructional strategies, and analyze evidence of student learning. This study adopts a mixed-methods research design to influence the extent of quantitative trends alongside the depth of qualitative insights. It highlights how collaboration within PLCs fosters professional growth, strengthens pedagogical practices, and cultivates a culture of trust and accountability among teachers. By examining empirical findings, the study demonstrates that PLCs not only improve instructional effectiveness but also contribute to sustainable school improvement. Ultimately, the study argues that collaborative professionalism, operationalized through PLCs, is a transformative approach that redefines teaching as a collective endeavor rather than an isolated practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nazir Ahmed Tunio, Muhammad Naeem, Sajid Hussain Rind, Gul- Afshan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reframing Artistic Practice in the Digital Age: Transformations of Traditional Arts in Contemporary digital Media Culture
The advent of digital technologies has revolutionized the global art landscape, introduced novel artistic forms, and redefined conventional artistic processes. Digital art, facilitated by technology such artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), graphic software, and online platforms, has broadened the methods by which artists create, disseminate, and engage with art. Although digital art presents novel avenues for creation, accessibility, and commercialization, it simultaneously engenders apprehensions about the preservation of conventional artistic techniques, authenticity, and cultural legacy. This study examines the influence of digital art on traditional arts by investigating the effects of digital technology on artistic output, cultural preservation, and artistic identity. The study use a qualitative analytical research design to explore scholarly literature and analyse current practices in both digital and traditional art. The results show that digital art changes artistic processes, promotes hybrid artistic practices, and increases the worldwide reach of conventional artworks rather from just replacing traditional art. But issues like commercialization, reliance on technology, and potential marginalization of traditional skills continue to be major worries. The study comes to the conclusion that combining conventional creative expertise with digital technologies can improve artistic innovation and cultural sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Azhar Hussain lashari Nizamani, Manzoor Hussain Mangi, Rizwan Ali Mangi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AI and Journalism: A Qualitative Inquiry of Opportunities, Challenges, Future Prospects, Ethical, Professional and Societal Concerns in Pakistan
Artificial intelligence, automation and algorithms are reshaping communication and media landscapes around the globe offering new opportunities and raising various challenges in terms of ethical, professional and societal domains. The study has adopted qualitative approach to explore multidimensional aspects of AI adoption in journalistic practices by journalists in Pakistan. Taking theoretical foundations from Socio-Technical Systems Theory, the study has analyzed interplay between technical integration of AI into news rooms and journalistic practices by humans within the social subsystem navigating with professional transformation, professional identity, fears regarding job displacement, credibility issues, the opportunities, challenges and future prospects. The data has been collected using semi-structured interviews from journalists from diverse fields to interpret lived experiences for deep analysis. The findings of study have concluded that AI adoption has becoming not only a trend but an essential for survival in the field now yet there are mixed reactions of journalists about it some considering a positive development and some doubting it for affecting traditional integrity and identity of journalistic profession. Both journalists, the Social system and and AI, the Technical subsystem are navigating through dynamic interaction presenting picture of joint optimization. Every journalist accepts that the future of journalism is will be reshaped due to AI. So, every journalist would have to get expertise about AI tools and applications to meet up the required level of journalistic proficiencies for the field. Also, the journalists, news organization, government, policy makers all have to come together to work on ethical dilemmas associated with AI to avoid any algorithmic bias or credibility issues.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Waqas Awan, Saddam Munawer, Asif Ismail (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Tariffs to Tensions: Geopolitics at the Crossroads of Trade Wars and Diplomacy
The weaponization of trade policy has transformed tariffs from conventional economic instruments into catalysts of sustained geopolitical rivalry, challenging traditional diplomatic frameworks and corporate resilience strategies. Despite growing scholarship on trade wars, few studies integrate macro-level trade dynamics, micro-level firm adaptation, and diplomatic discourse to explain how economic friction escalates into strategic competition. This study examines how tariffs evolve into geopolitical tensions, evaluates the efficacy of diplomatic de-escalation mechanisms, and identifies firm-level strategies that mediate geopolitical shocks. Employing a mixed-methods design (2018–2025), we combine quantitative gravity models, firm-level financial data, and the Geopolitical Risk (GPR) Index with qualitative analysis of diplomatic documents, elite interviews, and policy narratives across the U.S., China, EU, and ASEAN. Results indicate that geopolitical risk reduces bilateral trade volumes by 30–40%, with services trade most vulnerable. Firm profitability declines and volatility increase in high-tariff, low-openness environments; however, investment efficiency and supply chain diversification significantly buffer adverse impacts. Qualitative findings document a discursive shift toward “strategic autonomy,” diplomatic fatigue, and anticipatory corporate adaptation, particularly among ASEAN firms benefiting from trade diversion. This research advances an integrated framework linking macro-level risk, firm resilience, and diplomatic statecraft, offering actionable insights for policymakers navigating economic fragmentation, corporations designing adaptive supply chains, and multilateral institutions seeking governance reform.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syeda Vardah Aftab , Dr. Javed Khattak, Dr. Ghani Ur Rahman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strategic Differentiation in Pedagogy for Cultivating Global Competence in Early Years Education
This research investigates diversity pedagogy in early childhood education, its teachings, and the development of global competence construction for young children. Global competence, the ability and inclination to take action on global issues of relevance, is increasingly accepted as an essential aspect of preparing students for life in a globally networked world. The data collected from early childhood educators, students, and parents in the ECSSN show how they are addressing these goals with their service-learners; findings show what it looks like when a student focuses on global competence as an objective versus when one does not focus on it, and the challenges met while teaching for global competence. Key Findings, It is clear from within the work that whilst the student teachers are ‘mindful’ and responsive to expectations, there are some major challenges in respect of resourcing limitations and inadequate teacher education on one hand, and external barriers within a course (curriculum) for more effective ‘planful weaving through’ of internationalizing practices. The research indicates that project-based learning, cooperative learning, and culturally responsive teaching are promising approaches, but more training and resources, not less-flexible curricula, may be needed. The article concludes with recommendations for teacher preparation, policy, and future research so that teachers and schools may be better equipped to meet the demands of developing global competence among this young population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hijab Naveed, Amina Sajjad, Gulshan Qasim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mediating Effects of Brand Image and Environmental Knowledge on the Relationship between Sustainable Packaging and Consumer Purchase Behavior in the Era of Green Transformation
The objective of study explored the concept of sustainable packaging in the era of green transformation associated with the consumer behavior integrated with the mediating relationship with the brand image and the environmental knowledge to increase consumer buying behavior. The research model develops through the theory of consumer behavior, and the data collection through the administrative questionnaire, with the non-probability convenience sampling technique. The data analysis through the partial least square, method to conclude the results, measurement and the structural model, and testing of hypotheses. The results suggested that the product packaging design, environmental concern, and the consumer attitude developed the positive and the significance impact on the brand image, environmental knowledge, and also developed the mediated effects. Thus, findings derived from research into packaging and how it influences environmentally conscious consumer behavior should be of interest to marketers and branders alike. It is as a result of these that the companies that embrace environmentally friendly standards in packaging, come out clearly with their green strategies are able to gain trust, credibility and hence consumers loyalty from environmental consumers. Forerunning the intricate relationship between packaging design, environmental knowledge, and consumer behavior becomes all-important to unlock memorable brand stories and loyal customer networks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Fazal Qureshi, Dr. Rashid Ali, Muhammad Salahuddin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fifth-Generation War vs. War of Narrative through Strategic Communication: Thematic Analysis of Social Media Posts about Pahalgam Attacks
The concept of Fifth-Generation War has gained significant and broader attention in recent years due to its nonstop development. The purpose of the research paper is to critically examine how fifth-generation war, particularly the war of narratives shaped against Pakistan through Indian social media pages, influenced Indian public perception and strategic outcomes surrounding the Pahalgam attack. In this research study, a qualitative methodology was adopted to examine three main themes. Three main core themes are: (1) Pahalgam attack contextualises fifth-generation war; (2) shaping narratives and influencing public opinion; (3) Recommendations for countering narrative-based threats. The core area of data collection was social media, especially Facebook and the social networking site X (formerly Twitter). The data collection period was 1 month. This study consisted of social media posts from the Facebook general population (n = 1162) and X (n = 676). The results of the study show that following the Pahalgam terror attacks, social media was widely used against Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Kaqbad Alam, Muhammad Majid Hamid Nasir, Dr. Bakht Zaman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Minilateralism vs. Asean Centrality: Assessing the Diplomatic Costs of the AUKUS Partnership
In this paper, the conflict between emergent multilateral security institutions and ASEAN centrality will be examined through the lens of the AUKUS alliance and its diplomatic consequences for Southeast Asian countries. In the context of growing United States-China strategic competition, this analysis examines the impact of AUKUS, a trilateral arrangement, on ASEAN's role as the convening and norm-setting institution in the Indo-Pacific. The study uses the CIVET framework of centeredness, inclusiveness, value, efficiency, and transparency to evaluate the impacts of institutions based on qualitative discourse analysis of the ASEAN communiqués, the official statements of member states, and ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute survey data of 2021-2026. The results suggest that AUKUS has a diplomatic cost to ASEAN, all polarization inside the bloc, the undermining of consensus-based diplomacy, and the threats to the principle of inclusivity and non-alignment. The article argues that AUKUS does not undermine ASEAN centrality but hastens institutional flux, underscoring the need to adopt adaptive and hybrid regional governance strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zuhair Haider, Usama Rasheed, Dr. Fakhara Shahid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Cost of Compliance: Aligning NEPA Environmental Impact Statements with Strategic Risk Allocation and Value Engineering in High-Density Data Centre Rollouts
The rapid expansion of high-density data centers, driven by artificial intelligence demands, frequently triggers the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Historically, the resulting Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) imposed severe regulatory bottlenecks, leading to protracted project delays, increased litigation risks, and massive capital expenditure bleed. However, recent statutory reforms mandating strict two-year EIS completion deadlines have shifted the primary developer risk from prolonged delays to premature project rejection. To address this evolving challenge, this study employs a qualitative theoretical modeling approach to bridge the interdisciplinary gap between environmental jurisprudence and construction management. This study proposes the 'Compliance-Value-Risk' (CVR) integration model, a predictive project delivery framework distinct from retrospective cost value reconciliation accounting. This framework leverages value engineering as a proactive technical strategy to embed sustainable technologies, such as advanced cooling architectures and renewable microgrids, into the early design phase. This satisfies strict EIS evidentiary thresholds and actively secures regulatory approvals. Simultaneously, the model applies strategic risk allocation through agile Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) contracts. By utilizing phased conditions precedent and revised force majeure clauses, this approach shields developers from the financial fallout of residual regulatory friction. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that by shifting environmental compliance from an isolated legal hurdle to a core project management function, project directors can effectively mitigate the financial and temporal costs of NEPA regulations in modern digital infrastructure rollouts.
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
Engineering Procurement Construction (EPC)
Copyright (c) 2026 Rao Shahrukh Suleman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Livelihood to Loss: Climate Change and Socioeconomic Vulnerability among Communities of Manchar Lake, Sindh
This study has investigated the effects of climate change and environmental degradation on the lives and daily experiences of communities living around the Manchar Lake, Sindh. The research story assumed a qualitative research design, investigating how alterations in the environment redefined socioeconomic vulnerability and influenced the survival strategy of the local people. The information was gathered by conducting in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with the residents, fishermen, and household members who wholly rely on the lake as a source of their livelihoods, as well as key informants of local institutions and local organizations. The results showed that the environmental alterations due to climate, such as water contamination, depleting fish populations, and the growing rate of extreme weather, had seriously affected traditional livelihoods. The respondents noted a great loss of income, compelled work changes, and displacement in their original settlements in isolated instances. These alterations not only destabilized economically, but also helped to marginalize social groups, erode culture, and increase the level of insecurity in already vulnerable communities. Community vulnerability was further enhanced by the lack of effective institutional support and policy-responsive initiatives. The research found that climate change had turned Manchar Lake into a place of livelihood into a place of socioeconomic hardship, with the strong need to bring together community-based and climate-resilient development options to assist the affected population.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rahib Ali, Muhammad Danial Moin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bibliometric Analysis of Symbolic Knowledge Extraction and Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Hybrid Neuro-Symbolic Systems: Trends, Themes, and Trajectories (1991–2026)
The application of symbolic knowledge extraction techniques to neural networks is a promising approach to combating deep learning opacity, which is particularly important in applications that require predictive and human-interpretable reasoning abilities. An extensive bibliometric analysis of 83 peer-reviewed articles indexed in the Web Of Science (WOS) Core Collection that was published from 1991 to 2026 are presented in this study. Performance metrics and science mapping techniques provided the analytical basis. The analysis shows a low annual growth rate (6.12%) with a dramatic upsurge in scientific production between 2022 and 2026. Further, the year 2025 saw the highest production of scientific output (16 articles). Moreover. top contributors are the institutions from Italy, China and the USA. Similarly, the authors who produced the most scientific output include Garcez A.A., Omicini A., Wang Z. show lasting impact. Proposed thematic clusters include Explainable AI, symbolic knowledge extraction pipelines, neuro-symbolic integration, and domain-specific applications. The paper shows that hybrid systems in which logical rules are dynamically derived from black-box models are now maturing. This review offers a longitudinal and quantitative synthesis of the literature on neuro-symbolic AI and outlines directions for future studies of scalable, explainable hybrid architectures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Farooq Tariq Butt (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial Intelligence in Education and Its Influence on Student Self Efficacy and Academic Performance
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly advanced in recent years, transforming teaching strategies and learning experiences in educational settings. This study explores students' perceptions of AI in education and examines its impact on their self-efficacy and academic performance. A sample of 1100 students from different universities in Multan, Pakistan, was selected. Well-structured questionnaires, including informed consent, demographic information sheet, General Attitudes Towards Artificial Intelligence Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, and Academic Performance Questionnaire was employed for data collection. Data was analyzed using PLS-SEM. This study examines the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on students' self-efficacy and academic performance. Findings reveal significant positive relationships among AI, self-efficacy, and academic achievement (p < 0.05). Structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) confirms AI's strong influence on self-efficacy (β = 0.660, p < 0.001) and academic performance (β = 0.562, p < 0.001). The model fit indices (SRMR = 0.065, NFI = 0.884) validate its reliability. Results suggest that AI enhances academic success by fostering self-efficacy through personalized learning experiences. This study highlights how AI can be used positively in educational settings. However, further studies should be conducted on how to adapt new technologies more successfully in education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Bilal Farooqi, Syeda Samreen Fatima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship between Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Performance among Secondary School Students
This study investigates the relationship between self-regulated learning and academic performance among secondary school students. The purpose of the research was to examine how students’ ability to regulate their own learning processes influences their academic achievement in school settings. Self-regulated learning is a multidimensional construct that involves planning, monitoring, and evaluating one’s learning activities, while academic performance refers to students’ achievement levels as reflected in their academic results. The study was conducted on a sample of 300 secondary school students selected through stratified random sampling from District Rawalpindi. A quantitative correlational research design was used, and data were collected through a structured questionnaire based on a Likert scale along with academic records. Pearson correlation coefficient was applied to analyze the relationship between the variables. The findings of the study revealed a moderate positive and statistically significant relationship between self-regulated learning and academic performance (r = .566, p < .01). This indicates that students who demonstrate higher levels of self-regulated learning tend to achieve better academic results. The results further suggest that self-regulated learning plays an important role in enhancing students’ academic success by improving their ability to manage time, set goals, and apply effective learning strategies. The study concludes that strengthening self-regulated learning skills can significantly contribute to improving academic performance among secondary school students. On the basis of the findings, it is recommended that teachers should integrate self-regulated learning strategies into classroom practices to enhance students’ academic outcomes. Educational institutions should provide training and awareness programs to develop self-regulation skills among students. Curriculum developers should also include activities that promote independent learning and self-monitoring. The study highlights the importance of fostering self-regulated learning in secondary education to improve overall academic achievement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syeda Maqsoom, Saman Atta, Ruqia Bibi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship between Perceived Principal Support and the Psychological Well-Being of Teachers at Elementary Level
This study looked at how elementary school teachers' psychological health at government schools in Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), related to their perceptions of principal support. A sample of 219 instructors was chosen at random from a population of 517 using a quantitative correlational approach. A self-created 20-item Likert scale questionnaire was used to gather the data, and SPSS was used to analyze it using Pearson Correlation and descriptive statistics. The findings indicated that teachers reported a very high degree of psychological well-being (Category Mean = 3.85) and a moderately high level of principle support (Category Mean = 3.89). The study hypothesis was confirmed by the discovery of a substantial, statistically significant positive association between the two variables (r = 0.714, p = 0.000). In order to better support teachers' psychological health at the school level, it is advised that principals implement supportive leadership practices such as teacher recognition, open communication, and participatory decision-making, while education authorities implement wellness programs and leadership training.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kashmala Mehboob, Dr. Muhammad Naqeeb ul Khalil Shaheen , Sulma Farooq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Pakistan's Foreign Policy: A Strategic Analysis
The realization that artificial intelligence (AI) is not just the latest technological shibboleth but is becoming a game-changing strategic variable in foreign policy, diplomacy, security, economic statecraft and global governance. The digital international competitive landscape, cyber insecurity and strategic rivalry along with data-driven diplomacy suggest that AI is likely to have serious implications for Pakistan which this article seeks to examine in respect of domestic and foreign-policy perspectives. A qualitative documentary and findings-based conceptual design is utilized within a mixed-method epistemology: utilizing peer-reviewed literature, policy papers, official AI and digital policy documents, regional security studies. It argues that AI will, to varying degrees but interconnectedly across the following varied channels of influence on Pakistan foreign policy: diplomatic decision support, digital public diplomacy, cyber and AI governance, economic diplomacy, regional deterrence, and great-power (technological) competition. The results demonstrate the capacity of AI to make Pakistan's diplomatic forecasting, crisis monitoring, consular services, diaspora engagement and international economic positioning more robust. It might also amplify algorithmic dependency, misinformation, surveillance, data sovereignty and cyber escalation issues, as well as heightening India-Pakistan strategic instability. This article provides a strategic framework for viewing AI as both a tool and an environment of foreign policy. It finds that Pakistan needs to develop a more unified strategy for an AI-enabled foreign policy, connecting the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, national security institutions, digital regulators as well as academia and the private sector while being in line with ethical principles for global access to AI arms control practices and regional risk-reduction efforts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gul Muhammad, Shakeel Jan Vighio, Khalid Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ESL Learners’ Motivation: Impact of Instrumental Motivation and Integrative Motivation on ESL Learning
The present research is aimed at investigating the ESL learners’ motivation, highlighting the difference between instrumental and integrative motivation and variation on the gender basis (male and female) ESL learners’ motivation towards English language learning in the context of Pakistan. Motivation is an internal aspect that encourages a learner to proceed with the action, and it also initiates a spark for learning. This study applied the quantitative method. A questionnaire was adopted on five points Likert scale used to collect data from a total sample of fifty students of the English department in Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University. Concerning gender, 26 female and 24 male students were included in the study. The collected responses were transferred into SPSS software for the analysis procedure. An independent sample t-test was employed to compare variances between male and female ESL/EFL learners. Moreover, a paired sample t-test was used to relate differences between the instrumental and integrative motivation of ESL/EFL learners. Finally, based on findings, generalisations were made regarding ESL/EFL learners’ motivation; it was indicated that students in Pakistan are more instrumentally motivated than integratively. Further, the result shows that female ESL learners are more instrumentally motivated than male learners.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shabana, Fayaz Hussain Jalbani, Mansoor Ali Koondhar, Kiran Memon (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Professionalism and Ethical Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in Journalism
The study's objectives are to understand the evolution of the idea of artificial intelligence in journalism, develop a scientific definition for it in light of the variety of terms and concepts, define the function of algorithms in journalistic editing, and pinpoint the benefits of AI journalism, its superiority over traditional journalism, as well as the main ethical, professional, and technical issues it faces. The analytical descriptive method of researching foreign literature that looks at how journalism is affected by AI technology. The study came to the following conclusions: creating a thorough definition of the term "artificial intelligence journalism," demonstrating how AI has improved newsroom productivity, increased the amount and variety of content produced, as well as boosting media organizations’ financial returns, and that semantic limits continue to be a problem for artificial intelligence journalism Therefore, the central problem of this study is to examine how journalism education can effectively adapt to the rise of AI while addressing its professional, ethical, and technological challenges. Specifically, this study seeks to explore the extent to which AI is influencing journalistic professionalism, identify key ethical concerns associated with its use, and assess the preparedness of media students to operate responsibly in an increasingly automated news environment. Artificial Intelligence has transformed journalism by improving efficiency and content production capacity, it simultaneously challenges core journalistic values such as accuracy, transparency, and accountability. The lack of human editorial judgment in AI systems increases the risk of misinformation and ethical ambiguity. Therefore, a balanced integration of AI in journalism is necessary, supported by strong ethical frameworks, transparency mechanisms, and professional oversight to ensure credibility and public trust in media systems
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor-Ul-Hayee, Dr Farheen Qasim Nizamani, Dr Muhammad Qasim Nizamani, Dr Dastar Ali Chandio (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Democracy in Pakistan: Exploring the Impact of Social Media on Political Awareness and Participation among Youth
The role of social media has been rising in all social movements across various countries with high internet access rates. Due to its use by politicians and activists, social media has evolved into a free and powerful tool for mass political communication. Participating in online social networks is a trend that the younger generation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) eagerly adopts. The primary focus of this research is on the power of social media in increasing political awareness in Kohat Division, KP, aiming to understand its role in promoting political understanding. With the growing popularity of smartphones, the internet, and the mainstream media's perceived ignorance and bias toward political events, social media has become an alternative and accessible source of information for the public. The current quantitative study involved a questionnaire survey conducted among 100 male and 100 female participants aged 18 to 45 years from universities in Kohat Division, using purposive sampling. The data were analyzed with SPSS. The results indicate that many participants felt well-informed about political issues because of social media exposure. Most expressed confidence in their ability to take part in political discussions and activities. Additionally, they reported using social media to share political content, attend rallies, and participate in debates, showing a change in political engagement among youth in semi-urban areas. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, civil society actors, and educators to utilize digital tools for inclusive democratic development, especially in less urbanized areas like Kohat Division.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shabeer Ullah, Dr. Mohammad Anwar Khan, Nadir Saeed Sarhadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Political Instability, Price Shocks, and Management Failures: A Validated Expert Risk Assessment Framework for Pakistani Construction Materials Firms
Risk assessment remains a persistent challenge for industrial enterprises in developing economies, where information asymmetry, lack of standardised methodologies, and shortage of skilled risk managers hinder effective decision‑making. This study adapts and enhances the expert evaluation method originally proposed by Kambarov & Salman (2026) to Pakistan’s construction materials industry. A panel of 20 senior experts from PSX‑listed cement, steel, and building‑materials firms provided risk scores across 12 external and 10 internal risk factors. Using variance, coefficient of variation (CV), Kendall’s W, and Cronbach’s alpha, we assess expert consensus and classify enterprises into four risk zones (catastrophic, dangerous, permissible, gain). Results show that political & institutional risks (mean = 81.5), price index changes (82.1), and risk of management decisions (72.9) are perceived as most severe, while information security (external CV = 0.352, internal CV = 0.351) and environmental risks (CV = 0.338) exhibit the lowest consensus. A novel conceptual model – derived from the expert data and validated through partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS‑SEM) – demonstrates that internal risk factors have a stronger direct effect on overall risk exposure (β = 0.53) than external factors (β = 0.42), with acceptable model fit (SRMR = 0.072, NFI = 0.91, GoF = 0.58). The proposed rating system, accompanied by six diagnostic visualisations, offers a practical, empirically grounded tool for risk mitigation strategy in Pakistan’s construction sector. We conclude with actionable recommendations for firms, industry associations, and policymakers, and provide full R code for replication.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Waqas Khan, Syed Muhammad Salman, Dr. Atif Aziz, Muhammad Mubashir Khan, Dr. Muhammad Hassan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
When Chokepoints Break the Global Village: Geopolitical Supply Shocks, Institutional Resilience, and the Divergent Fates of the UAE and Pakistan
The Iran‑Israel war (2024) and the Red Sea crisis (2023–2025) have simultaneously disrupted two critical maritime chokepoints: the Strait of Hormuz and Bab el‑Mandeb. Using quarterly data for the United Arab Emirates (UAE, 2017‑2026) and comparable data for Pakistan, this study employs Generalised Method of Moments (GMM), quantile regression, and Vector Autoregression (VAR) with impulse response functions. The UAE’s GMM coefficient of the supply shock is +0.0235 (p>0.9) and its VAR impulse response never exceeds +0.0033 percentage points – the shock is effectively neutralised. Pakistan’s GMM coefficient is –1.6356 (p<0.001) and the first‑quarter impulse response is –6.0 percentage points. The divergence is explained by the three pillars of cross‑continental development: infrastructure (Logistics Performance Index, 4.0 vs. 2.6), institutional quality (Rule of Law Index, 0.68 vs. 0.38) and manageable political friction. A composite institutional‑strength z‑score places the UAE in the top‑right quadrant (high strength, negligible impact) and Pakistan in the bottom‑left quadrant (low strength, large negative impact). These results confirm that economic effects are borderless, but resilience is not. Policy implications include global chokepoint governance and targeted institutional reforms in vulnerable economies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Syed Muhammad Salman, Muhammad Waqas Khan, Meer Rujaib Naseem, Dr. Atif Aziz, Dr. Muhammad Hassan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence and Losses Caused by Red Rot (Colletotrichum falcatum) Disease in Sugarcane Grown in District Tando Muhammad Khan
Sugarcane is a major cash crop in Pakistan but production is limited by fungal pathogens, especially red rot (Colletotrichum falcatum). The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and yield losses of red rot in sugarcane fields of District Tando Muhammad Khan, Sindh. The study employed a quantitative field approach to assess disease incidence, severity, and their effects on yield components in the field. The findings showed red rot disease was prevalent throughout the study region, with incidence ranging from low to high in different fields and cane varieties. Disease severity was found to be positively correlated with yield losses, suggesting the later stages of the disease impacted cane weight, stalk height and the quality of sugar cane juice. Yield reduction was found to be significant, demonstrating the impact of the disease on farmers and sugar companies. Favorable environmental factors for disease development and progression included high humidity and moderate temperatures. This research underscores the need for a comprehensive disease management approach, including the development of resistant varieties, optimal cropping practices, and early detection techniques. Managing red rot disease is crucial to improve sugarcane yields and promote sustainable farming practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Munwar Ali, Ubaidullah Machhi, Ahmed Hingorjo, Azhar Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Breaking Barriers: Transforming Social Skills in Autistic Children Through Intervention
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that causes substantial problems in social communication and interactions in young individuals. The objective of the study was to identify social skills issues among children diagnosed with ASD and test the efficacy of an intervention program on social interactions. The study used pretest-posttest experimental research design, including 25 participants suffering from autism ranging between the ages of 7-18 years attending a special school for education located in Gujranwala, Pakistan. Participants were purposefully selected for the experiment. Assessment of social responsivity was done using Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2). Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and paired-samples t-tests via IBM SPSS Statistics. As a result, a significant increase in peer interaction skills was obtained. In particular, mean values rose from 42.36 (SD = 6.85) at pre-test level to 61.48 (SD = 7.12) at post-test one. Paired-samples t-test demonstrated that there was a statistically significant difference between the mean values: t(24) = -16.05, p < .001 (very large effect size, Cohen’s d = 2.69). Thus, based on the obtained results, it is possible to conclude that multicomponent intervention programs may be used for developing peer interaction skills and enhancing social competencies in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study indicates that such programs should be applied, especially in educational settings, with teachers, caregivers, and parents playing key roles in the process.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Saima Riaz, Momina Yaqoob, Akasha Habib Mughal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Memorization to Moral Formation: Applying Al-Attas’s Ta’dīb–Adab Framework to Islamiat Education in Pakistan
Islamiat occupies a central place in Pakistan’s school system and is officially intended to cultivate moral consciousness, ethical reasoning, and value-oriented citizenship. Despite these aims, a growing body of literature suggests that classroom delivery of Islamiat often remains dominated by rote memorization, textbook dependency, and examination-oriented practices (Bhatti & Chaudhary, 2023; Tahir et al., 2022). This creates a persistent gap between the normative objectives of the subject and the lived pedagogical experience of students. This paper offers a literature-based analytical study that reconsiders Islamiat education in Pakistan through the educational philosophy of Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas, particularly his concepts of ta’dīb and adab (Al-Attas, 1991, 1995). It argues that contemporary Islamiat instruction has focused excessively on content transmission while neglecting character formation, reflective reasoning, and the ethical ordering of knowledge. Drawing on scholarship on Islamic education, moral pedagogy, and Pakistan’s schooling system, the paper develops a conceptual framework for reimagining Islamiat as a transformative subject rather than a merely examinable one. The study contributes to debates on Islamic education, postcolonial schooling, and values-based reform in Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syed Aqeel Umar, Hamza Iftikhar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Autonomous Weapons and Accountability: Ethical and Legal Perspective
Weapons that operate without direct human control are referred to as autonomous weapons. The emergence of these weapons and their increasing utilisation have fundamentally transformed the dynamics of national security and warfare. Although Artificial Intelligence’s (AI) integration into military mechanisms has improved speed and precision, it has come at the critical cost of accountability. In cases where machines autonomously make life-and-death decisions, fixing clear responsibility on a particular state or any individual becomes extremely difficult (International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 2019). This gap specifically undermines IHL, impairing distinction, proportionality, and precaution. For instance, investigative journalists have asserted that large-scale killings in Gaza were the result of AI-assisted systems, such as Lavender and Gospel, in which humans have limited or no control in critical decisions. The war against Hamas caused 83% of civilian casualty rate as of May 2025, according to a joint investigation by Yuval Abraham (Abraham, 2024) and Emma Graham Harrison (Graham-Harrison, 2024). However, this analysis remains highly contested. An analysis of the “Black-Box” nature of deep-learning algorithms demonstrates how technological advancement has undermined criminal and command responsibility. This research reviews available literature, gaps in the existing legal framework, case studies, and theoretical perspectives. The divergent opinions of global superpowers and key stakeholders, such as the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (GGE), will also be assessed. This introspection concludes with critical suggestions regarding a new treaty sanctioning or enforcing strict regulations for Autonomous Lethal Weapon Systems (ALWS). It calls for a legal regime that incorporates meaningful human control in vital decisions, imposes binding responsibility on deploying states and promotes an ethics-based AI framework. The ultimate goal is to align legal, technological, and policy frameworks to ensure the protection of fundamental human rights and preserve state sovereignty in the era of AI.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Abubaker Umer, Dr. Ashfaq Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Workaholism and Life Orientation: Do We Work To Live or Are We Living to Work?
The present study examined the relationship between workaholism and life orientation (optimism–pessimism) among working adults in Karachi, Pakistan. A cross-sectional correlational research design was employed using purposive sampling. The sample comprised 120 working adults (58 males, 62 females). Data were collected using the Bergen Work Addiction Scale (BWAS) and the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, independent samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA using SPSS (Version 26). Results indicated a non-significant and weak negative correlation between workaholism and life orientation (r = –.06, p = .49). Significant differences were found in workaholism scores based on working hours, F(2, 117) = 5.50, p < .01, and number of family members, F(2, 117) = 4.89, p < .01. However, no significant difference was observed in life orientation between workaholics and non-workaholics, t(118) = 0.82, p = .41. The findings suggest that while situational factors such as workload and family structure influence workaholism, life orientation may remain relatively stable. Implications for organizational policies and employee well-being interventions are discussed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sadia Shaheen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of Diplomacy and the Peace of Versailles: A Case Study
Diplomacy plays very important roles in the world. Diplomacy is the art or the way to negotiate with other countries for the settlements or the agreements. In this paper we will discuss the role of diplomacy in The Treaty of Versailles. What was the peace of Versailles and why it was failed? How the World War One ended after “The Treaty of Versailles” and its effects on Germany and the peace world. We will discuss loses of property, reduction in military forces and major loses of payments Germany was faced after this treaty. The treaty of Versailles and the world war one changed in peace by the diplomatic negotiations. Researcher will adopt the qualitative mixed methodology or the descriptive methodology. The purpose of the research is to find how the diplomacy works for the peace creation in for the treaty of Versailles during the World War One. This research finds critically and analytical role of diplomacy in the peace treaty of Versailles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syed Ameer Haider Kazmi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Athlete Performance and Injury Prevention in Modern Olympic Sports
In the present era, elite sports are increasingly driven by data-centric methodologies, where AI technologies such as machine learning algorithms, computer vision, and predictive analytics play a pivotal role in enhancing training efficiency and minimizing health risks. This research article investigates the transformative impact of AI on athletic performance and injury prevention within the context of Olympic sports, emphasizing its practical applications, benefits, and associated challenges. AI-based performance analysis systems enable coaches and sports scientists to collect, process, and interpret vast volumes of biomechanical and physiological data in real time. Wearable sensors and smart devices continuously monitor key performance indicators such as heart rate variability, muscle load, fatigue levels, and movement efficiency. These data-driven insights facilitate the development of personalized training programs tailored to the specific needs of individual athletes, thereby maximizing performance outcomes while reducing the risk of overtraining. Additionally, advanced motion capture and computer vision technologies provide precise technique analysis, allowing athletes to refine their skills with a high degree of accuracy. Injury prevention has emerged as one of the most critical applications of AI in Olympic sports. Predictive models utilize historical injury data, workload patterns, and physiological indicators to identify potential risk factors before injuries occur. By analyzing patterns and anomalies, AI systems can alert coaches and medical staff to early warning signs, enabling timely intervention and preventive measures. This proactive approach significantly reduces downtime, enhances athlete longevity, and contributes to sustained peak performance during major competitions such as the Olympic Games. Furthermore, AI-driven rehabilitation programs are transforming recovery processes by offering customized treatment plans and monitoring progress through intelligent feedback systems. Virtual assistants and AI-powered platforms support athletes in adhering to rehabilitation protocols, ensuring efficient and safe recovery. The integration of AI with sports medicine also enhances diagnostic accuracy and facilitates evidence-based decision-making. Despite its numerous advantages, the application of AI in Olympic sports raises important ethical and practical concerns. Issues related to data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the potential over-reliance on technology must be critically examined. Moreover, disparities in access to advanced AI technologies may create inequalities among athletes and nations, potentially affecting fair competition. Therefore, it is essential to establish standardized regulations and ethical guidelines to ensure the responsible use of AI in sports. This study adopts a qualitative and analytical approach by reviewing recent literature, case studies, and technological advancements in the field of AI and sports science. It aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how AI is reshaping athlete preparation and health management in the Olympic context. The findings highlight that AI not only enhances performance and reduces injury risks but also contributes to the overall evolution of sports science in the digital age.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Shakeel Ahmad Shahid, Muhammad Saad Ali Gill, Muhammad Hasan Shahbaz, Dr. Muhammad Riaz, Aimen Gill (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0