Prevalence of E-Cigarette Use and its Association with Anxiety, Depression and Self-Efficacy among University Students: A Cross Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: E-cigarette use has become increasingly common among university students and may be associated with anxiety, depression, and self-efficacy. Understanding these associations is important for promoting student well-being and developing effective interventions. Objective: The main objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of e-cigarette use among university students and to examine its association with anxiety, depression and self-efficacy. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among university students aged 18–30 years. A total of 261 students participated, and 260 were included in the final analysis. Participants were recruited using non-probability convenience sampling through online and in-person data collection. Data were collected using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and General Self-Efficacy (GSE) scales. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 29.0. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and Pearson correlation analysis were applied, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: E-cigarette use was reported by 51.2% of participants, while 48.8% were non-users. Most participants were aged 21–25 years (71.5%). A significant association was found between e-cigarette use and depression (p = 0.04). Anxiety and depression were strongly positively correlated (r = 0.59), while self-efficacy showed significant associations with both psychological outcomes. Conclusion: E-cigarette use was prevalent among university students and was significantly associated with depression. Anxiety and depression were strongly related, while self-efficacy was associated with both psychological outcomes. These findings highlight the need for mental health awareness and vaping prevention strategies among university students.