Evaluating International Legal Regime on Climate Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Türkiye and Pakistan in the Context of Climate Change Mitigation

Abstract

This Study explores the comparative effectiveness of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto protocol and the Paris Agreement in the mitigation of climate change specifically impacts on Türkiye and Pakistan. Both nations face significant climatic challenges, including the increase in temperatures, erratic precipitation patterns and sea level increase. The UNFCCC has provided a fundamental framework for international climatic negotiations, promoting dialogue and cooperation, however, its broad commitments often lack demands, which limits direct impacts nationwide. In contrast, the Kyoto protocol introduced binding emissions reduction objectives for developed countries, which did not extend to developing nations such as Pakistan and Türkiye, which affected their ability to implement substantial climatic actions. The Paris Agreement marked a paradigm shift by emphasizing specific contributions at the national level (NDC), allowing countries to adapt the objectives to their specific circumstances. This flexibility, while encouraging inclusion, ask questions about the adaptation and ambition of each country's commitments. The analysis reveals that Türkiye and Pakistan have used these frames in different extensions, generating mixed results in national climate resilience and adaptation strategies. While Türkiye, as an OECD member and candidate for European Union accession, faces unique challenges in balancing its development trajectory with emission reduction commitments. Türkiye has advanced in the development of renewable energy, Pakistan faces vulnerabilities exacerbated by socio -economic limitations. Ultimately, the effectiveness of these international agreements depends on the political will, institutional capacities and social participation in each country, which highlights the need for greater cooperation and support mechanisms to address climatic vulnerabilities more effectively. This comparative evaluation underlines the complexities of climate governance and the need for personalized approaches to address the unique challenges faced by Türkiye and Pakistan. The paper concludes with policy recommendations to enhance compliance, strengthen institutional frameworks, and promote regional cooperation in line with evolving international climate law.