Classroom Environment and Academic Achievement: A Comparative Study of Secondary Schools in Urban Sindh, Pakistan

Dr. Nazia Dharejo; Dr. Dahshilla  Junejo; Zakir Hussain  Malkani; Dr. Hakim Ali  Mahesar

doi:10.63056/ACAD.004.03.0331

Authors

Dr. Nazia Dharejo Lecturer Dept. of Commerce, University of Mirpurkhas, Mirpurkhas–Pakistan Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2393-0046
Dr. Dahshilla Junejo Assistant Professor Dept. of Commerce, University of Mirpurkhas, Mirpurkhas-Pakistan Author
Zakir Hussain Malkani Lecturer, Dept. of Business Administration, FG Degree College for (M) Peshawar Cantt Author
Dr. Hakim Ali Mahesar Professor, Institute of Commerce & Managment, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.63056/ACAD.004.03.0331

Keywords:

Classroom Environment; Academic Achievement; Secondary Education; Urban Sindh; Educational Psychology; Learning Resources; School Infrastructure; Student Performance; Pakistan Education; Comparative Study

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of classroom environments on the academic achievement of secondary school students in four major urban centers of Sindh, Pakistan: Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, and Mirpurkhas. Utilizing a quantitative, descriptive-correlational design, data were collected from 400 students through a structured questionnaire adapted from the Classroom Environment Scale (CES). The analysis revealed significant positive correlations between academic performance and three key dimensions of classroom environment physical infrastructure, psychological climate, and instructional resources. Among these, psychological factors such as teacher-student relationships and peer interaction exhibited the strongest influence. ANOVA results further indicated significant inter-city differences, with students in Karachi and Hyderabad reporting more favorable environments than those in Sukkur and Mirpurkhas. The findings highlight the role of localized classroom conditions in influencing educational outcomes and advocate for targeted interventions and policy reforms tailored to the diverse educational landscapes of Sindh.

Author Biography

Dr. Nazia Dharejo, Lecturer Dept. of Commerce, University of Mirpurkhas, Mirpurkhas–Pakistan

To leverage my strong academic background, including a PhD in Commerce and Management with a specialization in Human Resource Management, along with extensive experience in research and teaching, to contribute meaningfully to a dynamic academic institution or organization. I aim to apply my expertise in human resource practices, research methodologies, and quantitative analysis to foster academic excellence, improve employee performance, and support strategic initiatives in the fields of commerce and management. Currently i am working as Assistant Professor