Effectiveness of Physical Activity Programs for Older Adults in Aged Care Homes: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: Physical inactivity is a significant concern among older adults living in residential aged care homes. Age-related muscle weakness, frailty, chronic disease, reduced mobility, and dependence on caregivers can contribute to declining physical function and increased fall risk. Structured physical activity programs may help preserve mobility, improve balance and strength, and support independence and wellbeing. However, outcomes vary according to exercise type, intervention duration, supervision, and residents’ health status.

Objective: This review examines the effectiveness of physical activity programs for older adults living in aged care homes, focusing on physical function, strength, balance, falls, functional independence, and quality of life. It also considers implementation barriers and evidence from Australian and international research.

Methods: A structured review of published evidence was undertaken, drawing on systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and relevant research concerning physical activity and exercise interventions in residential aged care. Relevant literature was identified through scholarly records, including PubMed and journal publications. Findings were synthesised narratively according to major health and functional outcomes. No new participant data were collected, and no unpublished statistical results were generated.

Results: The reviewed evidence generally supports appropriately designed exercise programs for improving or maintaining physical function among older adults in residential care. Programs combining strength, balance, gait, and functional training appear particularly relevant. Exercise may reduce falls while an intervention is active, although evidence suggests that this benefit may not persist after programs end. Quality-of-life findings are promising but inconsistent. Individualisation, adequate supervision, sustained participation, and organisational support appear important for implementation.

Conclusion: Physical activity programs can contribute to healthy ageing in residential aged care when they are tailored to residents’ capabilities and delivered consistently. Australian research provides valuable evidence on falls prevention and outcome measurement. Future research should strengthen methodological transparency, evaluate long-term outcomes, and identify sustainable approaches for residents with different levels of frailty and cognitive impairment.