Globalization and Green Transition: International Pressures, Domestic Reforms and Pakistan’s Path to Climate Resilience (2025)

Abstract

Globalization is rapidly reorganizing national plans for development as an international set of climate targets and environment-related trade rules, sustainable financing, technology sharing, and investment preference changes are all getting involved. Using this backdrop, this article analyzes how such environmental pressures are affecting Pakistan's transition towards eco-friendly policies and its ability to be climate-resilient without compromising economic development. The study utilizes official data sources like the Government of Pakistan, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, UNFCCC, IPCC, UNEP, and European Commission, with both annual and policy-related data being relied on. Secondary data has been the main source of information. It uses a descriptive analytical approach which is an effective way to analyze shifts in Pakistan energy mix, climate-policy targets, energy-sector overhauls, carbon-market developments, and transport decarbonization. One of the major results of the investigation is that the climate issue facing Pakistan is essentially a triple problem: environmental, economic, and competitiveness. Thermal generation continues to be the main provider of electricity during the dry season, July-March FY2025, while hydro, nuclear and other renewables provide considerably lower-carbon generation. Pakistan's 2025 Nationally Determined Contribution 3.0 has raised the level of commitment in a medium-term context with respect to climate change. However, a part of it that is conditional upon receiving external financial assistance, technical know-how, and human resource development is quite significant. Pricing of carbon emissions, electric transport, measures for improving thermal efficiency and changes in sustainable financing all demonstrate a growing agreement between the domestic policy and climate-friendly transformation pressure. In the end, the research paper states that the only way for Pakistan to benefit from globalization is if international financial support is combined with reliable local agencies, promotion of green energy, agriculture adapted to climate changes, manufacturing industries' upgrading, and a solid social protection system.