Caste, Ethnicity and Social Stratification in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Implications for Matrimonial Decisions

Abstract

Marriage is an important social institution in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan, and is influenced by cultural traditions, caste (biradari), ethnic identity, family values, and socioeconomic status. Although education, urbanization, and modernization have introduced new perspectives, traditional customs continue to play a major role in spouse selection. This study explores the influence of caste, ethnicity, and social stratification on marriage decisions and examines how these factors affect individual choice and family involvement. A qualitative exploratory research design was used, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 30 purposively selected participants, including parents, young adults, religious scholars, community elders, marriage mediators, and sociologists. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings show that caste, family honor, ethnic identity, and social status remain important factors in marriage decisions, while education, occupation, financial stability, and personal compatibility are becoming increasingly important among younger generations. The study concludes that marriage practices in KP reflect a combination of traditional values and modern influences and recommends promoting gender equality, informed decision-making, and greater individual participation in spouse selection.