Digital Violence against Women in Pakistan: Bridging CEDAW Obligations and PECA Act

Abstract

Digital technologies and social media platforms have transformed communication in Pakistan, but they have also created new spaces for violence against women. Online harassment, cyberstalking, non-consensual sharing of images, blackmail, hate speech, and technology-facilitated abuse increasingly threaten women’s dignity, privacy, freedom of expression, and participation in public life. This research critically examines digital violence against women through the framework of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and evaluates the adequacy of Pakistan’s legal and institutional responses. The study adopts a qualitative and doctrinal legal research methodology by analyzing constitutional provisions, statutory laws, judicial decisions, international human rights instruments, and policy frameworks related to cybercrime and women’s protection. Particular attention is given to the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016 (PECA), and its effectiveness in addressing gender-based digital violence. The research argues that existing legal mechanisms remain fragmented, enforcement remains weak, and social stigma discourages victims from seeking remedies. It further highlights the need to expand the interpretation and implementation of CEDAW obligations to effectively recognize and combat digital forms of gender-based violence in Pakistan. The study concludes by proposing legal reforms, stronger enforcement mechanisms, and gender-sensitive digital policies to ensure safer online spaces for women.