Legal Reforms and Women's Political Participation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: A Case Study of Malakand Division (2001-2020)

Abstract

This study investigates the barriers to women's political participation in the Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan, with a specific focus on two dimensions: (1) the effect of the socio-cultural environment on women's political participation in KPK, and (2) the impact of the legal reforms and quota system introduced in 2002 on women's political participation in the Malakand Division. Grounded in liberal feminist theory, the research employs a qualitative, descriptive, and analytical methodology, drawing on both primary and secondary data sources including open-ended interviews conducted with female councillors, provincial assembly members, and municipal officials. The study finds that patriarchal norms, the Pakhtunwali code of conduct, religious extremism, lack of education, and economic dependency remain entrenched barriers. At the same time, the 2002 political reforms which allocated 17% of seats in national and provincial assemblies and 33% of seats in local bodies to women - have measurably increased women's political presence, particularly at the local government level. The study recommends stronger legal enforcement, educational investment, and gender-sensitization initiatives to sustain and deepen women's political empowerment in the region.