Geopolitics of Great Power Competition in South Asia: Evaluating Pakistan’s Strategic Position between the United States and China

Abstract

This Research explores the geostrategic rivalry between the United States of America and China in South Asia and its impacts on Pakistan. It begins by tracing the origin and historical evolution of US-China relations in the south Asian region, with a focus on their shift from cooperation to rivalry due to ideological differences and the influence of the proxy War. This research paper delves into the realm of economic power politics, military technology, exploratory the digital technological advancements in China and the United States and their role in shaping the strategic landscape of South Asia. A particular emphasis is placed on Pakistan's role in this context and the security challenges it faces vis-a-vis the US-China rivalry. This paper evaluates the repercussions of this rivalry on Pakistan’s geopolitical and economic positioning. It analyzes Pakistan's diplomatic efforts to balance its relations with the two global powers, highlighting the complexities involved. The economic opportunities and challenges for Pakistan, including the impact of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on the nation's financial resources and international borrowing are also considered. The study addresses Pakistan's security and strategic considerations, particularly its involvement in the Afghan peace process and the implications for its defense posture and military engagements. It further explores Pakistan’s relations with key regional actors, particularly India, in the context of the U.S.-China rivalry. This research is qualitative in nature as various online resources, books, articles and reports published in international relations are studied. This research paper provides an inclusive analysis of the US-China geostrategic rivalry in South Asia and its multifaceted implications for Pakistan within the context of the historical evolution of this rivalry, the role of military technology, and the intricate dynamics of Pakistan's geopolitical, economic, and security challenges within the context of great power’s competition. The findings inform policy recommendations for Pakistan and shed light on the future prospects and challenges in the US-China rivalry in South Asia.