Academia International Research Journal (Multi Disciplinary)
Academia International Research Journal (Multidisciplinary) is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes original research across a wide range of disciplines, including sciences, social sciences, humanities, and technology. It aims to foster scholarly exchange and promote innovative, high-quality research on a global scale.
Molecular Characterization of Drought Tolerance Genes in Indigenous Wheat Varieties of Pakistan
One of the biggest limitations to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in Pakistan, especially in arid and semi-arid areas is drought stress. Indigenous wheat types have distinct genetic phenotypes which could make them drought tolerant yet the characterization on the molecular level of such phenotypes is incomprehensive. This research study was intended to determine and describe drought tolerance genes in some indigenous wheat varieties through molecular markers and gene-expressions. Sample of leaf of ten types of wheat was taken and DNA extracted and amplified and the levels of real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyzed. Findings showed that there was a wide difference in the presence and expression of genes in different varieties with some landraces showing an increased expression between DREB1 and NAC which could suggest the presence of drought resistance. These results can be used to give valuable information about the genetic foundation of drought tolerance in local wheat germplasm and also indicate potential varieties to be used in breeding programs that can improve drought resistance. The research has a contribution towards sustainable wheat production in water constrained areas in Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Saad Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of Microfinance Institutions in Poverty Alleviation among Rural Households in Punjab, Pakistan
Microfinance institutions (MFIs) have become a significant instrument in poverty alleviation in developing nations because they offer financial services to poor households that are not part of the formal banking institutions. Poverty continues to be a factor in Pakistan, especially in rural areas of Punjab like Dera Ghazi Khan (DG Khan) because of the unavailability of credit, low productivity of agricultural activities, and unavailability of livelihoods. In this study, the researcher examines the impact of MFIs in reducing poverty among rural families in DG Khan District. Based on a mixed-method approach, the study will discuss the role of microcredit, micro-saving, and micro-insurance in affecting household income, consumption, asset accumulation, and empowerment of women. The research incorporates in-text citations as a means of illustrating the available academic controversy and problems in microfinance. Results indicate that MFIs have positive impacts on poverty reduction, but issues like excessive interest, low outreach and misuse of loans undermine its effect. The study offers policy implications to policy makers and development practitioners in search of more viable poverty alleviation interventions in the rural Punjab.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shazia Khalid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Brain–Computer Interface Innovations for Virtual Reality Interaction
The technology of Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) provides a revolutionary approach to the idea of direct communication between the human brain and other devices, and it has a great potential to improve virtual reality (VR) experiences. BCIs can be used to interpret neural signals, enabling users to control VR through interaction without any standard input device, enabling users to have a highly immersive and intuitive control (Lebedev and Nicolelis, 2006). As of 2012, there is a wide range of new technologies in non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG) and invasive neural recording methods, greatly enhancing the accuracy and responsiveness of BCIs in VR applications, including gaming, education, rehabilitation, and assistive technologies (Wolpaw et al., 2002; Nicolas-Alonso and Gomez-Gil, 2012). The present study focuses on the recent developments in the BCI hardware and signal processing algorithms, such as machine learning-based neural decoding and adaptive calibration algorithms to maximize VR interaction. The research design includes a literature review, which will be conducted systematically, a set of simulations which will execute BCI-controlled VR activities, and the evaluation of user performance and experience indicators. The results indicate that the BCI integration would contribute greatly to immersion, efficiency, and accessibility of VR, but there are still issues associated with the reliability of signals, computational burden, and individual differences in neural reaction. The research gives the suggestions of the future research directions, which is multi-modal sensory integration, hybrid BCI systems, and adaptive interfaces to the realization of more natural and efficient VR interactions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Amir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Factors Influencing Foreign Portfolio Investment in the Pakistan Stock Exchange: An Empirical Analysis
Foreign portfolio investment (FPI) is an important factor to consider in terms of the growth and stability of the emerging financial markets such as in Pakistan. FPI inflows have effects on stock market liquidity, asset pricing as well as economic growth in general. In the current paper, the authors explore the drivers of FPI in the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) by examining the economic, financial, and institutional drivers in the past ten years. Such important variables that are taken into account are market capitalization, liquidity, inflation, exchange rate volatility, interest rates, and political stability. The current research utilizes multiple regression analysis to compute the effect of these variables on FPI inflows using secondary data of PSX, State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), and World Bank databases. Findings reveal that the liquidity of the market, a stable exchange rate, and good macroeconomic performance are the main things that appeal to any foreign portfolio investor whereas political instabilities and high inflation tend to discourage investments. This empirical study gives actionable information to policy makers and market participants to enhance the state of investment and generate sustainable capital inflows in Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Muzammil Asghar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth and Challenges of Islamic Banking in Pakistan: A Comparative Analysis with Conventional Banking
Islamic banking is considered to be one of the booming branches of the Pakistani financial system owing to the growing demand of the people towards Shariah compliant financial services, government backing as well as the rapid institutionalization. In this paper, the research will focus on the growth trend of the Islamic banking in Pakistan and compare its performance, customer image, the regulatory environment, and the operational issue with that of conventional banking. Through qualitative review of secondary data, the paper brings out the fact that Islamic banks have registered high asset growth, market share, and financial inclusion than was the case in earlier decades. Nevertheless, the problem of a limited product diversification, lack of Shariah-qualified professionals, increased operational expenses, and misconceptions among the people still limit the full potential of this. The comparison analysis shows that Islamic banking may prove to be more resilient and attractive, but conventional banks are more dominant because of better infrastructure and broader coverage. The paper ends with a conclusion and recommendations on how the regulatory support can be empowered, human capital boosted and consumer awareness can be enhanced to ensure sustainable growth of Islamic banking in Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Naseer ul Haq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Technology in Multidisciplinary Education: Opportunities and Limitations
Era fast becoming part of pedagogy has transformed the terrain of multidisciplinary education, which promotes interdisciplinary cooperation among the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines, social sciences and arts. By bridging disciplinary divides, era enables new pedagogic forms, knowledge flows, and problem-solving processes. This report examines potentialities and challenges of generation in multidisciplinary learning, namely concerning virtual architectures, artificial intelligence, digital reality, and on line collaborative facilities. Drawing from existing theory, case histories, and literature, the observer demonstrates how generation imposes accessibility, innovation, and required thinking as well as discloses challenges such as virtual divides, pedagogical gaps, and fairness issues. The. results confirm that while era. offers unprecedented chances for remodelling teacher models, its challenges must be. confronted cautiously through coverage reforms,. inclusive tactics, and sustainable tactics. Last but not least, the. research. assists in understanding how era can effectively influence. multidisciplinary approaches to schooling and introduce beginners to complicated, interrelated global issues.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Faisal Ishaque (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial Intelligence in Social Sciences: Ethics, Economy, and Governance
The Artificial Intelligence (AI) is now a paradigm-transferring entity in greater than a unmarried area, and the social sciences aren't exceptions, as it's far dramatically converting the method of research, the machine of governance, the monetary gadget, and the moral paradigm. As algorithms are taking on increasingly of the human interaction, insurance selection, and resource allocation, their presence in social technology opens up deep questions of fairness, responsibility, and inclusivity. The paper explores the interdisciplinary intersection among AI and social sciences, in regards to a few essential domains: ethics, economy, and governance. The article is constructed on theoretical insights and empirical proof that seeks to apprehend how AI-pushed device have an effect on social inequality, financial structures and the way it affects at the formation of public policies. The assessment factors on the opportunities, together with efficiency, predictive knowing, and progressed government, in addition to threats, which includes algorithmic prejudice, surveillance, and displacement of jobs. The article in addition examines case research on international degrees that gift disparities withinside the adoption of AI in advanced and rising areas. Finally, it proposes the regulations of future that are involved with moral designs of AI, equitable monetary integration, and inclusive governance approaches. This interdisciplinary method targets at making the contribution to a greater complete interpretation of results of AI to society and guide sustainable making of policies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Usman Tariq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nanotechnology in Natural Sciences: Applications in Medicine, Environment, and Material Science
The field of nanotechnology which is the manipulation of be counted on the nanoscale (1-one hundred nanometers) has become a revolutionary force in the whole herbal sciences. Nanotechnology can help in improvements across disciplinary boundaries because it incorporates the standards of physics, chemistry, biology, and substances technology. This research paper discusses the complex bundles of nanotechnology in medicine, environmental technology and substances engineering, focusing on each of its opportunities and situations of inherent demand. Within the medical field, nanotechnology has been applied in the delivery of treatment targeted therapy, diagnostics, regenerative medicine and nanoscale biosensors. The environmental packages include water purification, air pollution, naive energy and sustainable agriculture. Nanotechnology, in the fabric technology has transformed the enhancement of light-weight composites, intelligent materials, and nanoelectronics. Regardless of this potential, nanotechnology raises large moral, safety and regulatory concerns with regard to toxicity, environmental hazards and fair access to. This article contends that nanotechnology is one of the key convergence aspects within the herbal sciences, development in that it requires careful interdisciplinary regulation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Ayesha Siddiqui (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Interdisciplinary Pedagogy: Bridging STEM, Social Sciences, and Humanities
Interdisciplinary pedagogy is now becoming a form of revolution in training that connects the common divided domain names of the technological know-how, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) with the social sciences and arts. The integrative framework concentrates on the interrelatedness of information structures, where the critical questioning, creativity, problem-solving, and holistic mastering are essential. Whereas standard schooling styles periodically separate disciplines, interdisciplinary pedagogy that requires circumstances to provoke this separation requires building up major synergies across the boundaries of the educational realm. Based on ancient examples, theoretical approaches, and recent case studies, this paper will discuss the ability of interdisciplinary coaching to tame well-rounded rookies who are ready to face global challenging scenarios such as weather change, virtual change, and social inequalities. The research survey also examines institutional, pedagogical, and coverage impediments that prevent interdisciplinary integration, as well as identifies destiny opportunities by utilizing technological innovation, global networks, and academic reformation. Interdisciplinary pedagogy offers a robust foundation of nurturing the future technology of newbies who can negotiate complexity and employ social innovation by facilitating the intersection of STEM and social sciences and arts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Amna Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Climate Change and Social Inequality: Policy, Economics, and Social Justice
Climate alternate is one of the most immediate global emergent crisis problems of the twenty-first century that produce substantial environmental, monetary, and social impacts. Its affects are even now no longer dispensed in a similar manner, although universally. The burden of weather-related hazards is disproportionately borne by the marginalized groups (particularly in low-profit countries), indigenous populations, and concrete negative neighborhoods. This research paper analyzes the overlap of the weather alternate and social inequality through the coverage, economics and social justice perspectives. It uses interdisciplinary literature to understand the role that structural inequities, which incorporate poverty, disparity of sexes, and vulnerability of geographic location, play in severing weather-related risks. It also explores how weather policies and financial trends can also further unwillingly contribute to inequality in case they are no longer formulated with respect to fairness. Case studies highlight the lived in reviews of inclined entrepreneurs and the insufficiency of state-of-the-art version and mitigation strategies. Finally, the object posits that objectively weather extrade is not necessarily merely a disaster in the environment but also a deep social justice challenge that demands coverage interventions that are based on fairness, inclusivity and sustainability. This examination highlights the necessity of radical solutions that emphasize equity, engagement, and accountability when it comes to global weather regulation by placing weather justice within a wider monetary and political construct.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Zara Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Innovations in Applied Medicine: Integrating Technology and Clinical Practice for Improved Patient Outcomes
In the past decade, applied medicine has truly transformed, owing to speedy tech developments and evolving patient demands. This field synergizes fundamental medical science with practical application, increasingly relying on digital health platforms, wearable technology, and artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance diagnostics, refine treatments, and provide more individualized care. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the deployment of these technologies, compelling healthcare systems to reimagine how they provide care within hospitals and clinics.This research examines the incorporation of contemporary tech into clinical practices, with emphasis on its effects on chronic disease management, telemedicine, and preventive care measures. We applied a combination of methodologies, such as literature reviews, observational evidence, and clinical case studies, to assess how these applied medicine interventions work for different populations. We found substantial improvements in patient participation, therapy compliance, and overall healthcare effectiveness, particularly for diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseasesHowever, there are still obstacles to be overcome. Digital inequalities, lack of standards for protocols, and privacy issues prevent us from fully capitalizing on technology in medicine. And besides, training the healthcare practitioners in the use of these new tools calls for a huge effort. Finally, this article emphasizes the need to develop inclusive, evidence-based models to steer the effective and ethical use of medical technologies. Only in this way can applied medicine become a discipline that not only treats disease but also foretells and prevents it, eventually changing the course of healthcare delivery.
Copyright (c) 2025 Academia International Research Journal (Multi Disciplinary) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Biomarkers in Translational Research for Neurodegenerative Disorders
Neurodegenerative issues, which includes Alzheimer’s sickness (AD), Parkinson’s ailment (PD), Huntington’s disorder (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), constitute a vast worldwide fitness burden because of their progressive, irreversible nature and absence of healing treatments. Translational studies, which bridges essential laboratory discoveries and medical applications, performs a pivotal position in accelerating the improvement of diagnostics and therapeutics for those situations. Biomarkers—measurable organic signs of regular or pathological processes—are an increasing number of diagnosed as important equipment on this continuum, allowing early analysis, sickness tracking, healing stratification, and remedy efficacy assessment. This paper explores the multifaceted function of biomarkers in translational neurodegenerative studies, categorizing them into diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and pharmacodynamic classes. The overview synthesizes proof from molecular, imaging, and virtual biomarker research, highlighting each their promise and the significant demanding situations that stay of their medical integration. Methodological strategies for biomarker discovery and validation are discussed, along the moral, technical, and regulatory issues that form their deployment. Future instructions are proposed, such as the mixing of multi-omics technology, synthetic intelligence-pushed analytics, and minimally invasive detection structures, which keep the capability to convert the panorama of neurodegenerative ailment control. By consolidating contemporary information and figuring out gaps, this take a look at underscores the vital for interdisciplinary collaboration to boost biomarker-pushed precision medicinal drug in neurodegeneration.
The Application of Robotics in Minimally Invasive Surgery
The integration of robotics into minimally invasive surgical procedure (MIS) has marked a massive evolution in surgical practice, remodeling the manner operations are carried out throughout more than one specialties. This studies article examines the ancient improvement, technological foundations, medical applications, schooling protocols, value implications, and moral issues related to robot-assisted surgical treatment. With the emergence of structures just like the da Vinci Surgical System, surgical precision, visualization, and ergonomics have advanced dramatically. However, the adoption of robot surgical treatment additionally gives challenges, along with excessive costs, education demands, and moral debates round accessibility and automation. Through a complete overview of literature, scientific outcomes, and professional commentary, this text gives an in-intensity exploration of ways robotics is reshaping surgical care. The findings recommend that at the same time as robot surgical operation holds vast capacity for advancing affected person care, equitable access, value-efficiency, and worldwide deployment stay urgent concerns. Future instructions factor in the direction of the improvement of next-technology structures with improved AI integration, haptic feedback, and improved accessibility worldwide.
Gene Therapy in Rare Diseases: Clinical and Translational Perspectives
Gene remedy has emerged as a transformative biomedical innovation with the capability to accurate or update faulty genes accountable for uncommon, life-threatening issues. Rare illnesses, described as the ones affecting fewer than 200,000 people withinside the United States or fewer than 1 in 2,000 withinside the European Union, together effect tens of thousands and thousands international regardless of their man or woman rarity. Over the beyond 3 decades, widespread advances in molecular biology, vector engineering, and genome modifying technology have propelled gene remedy from a theoretical idea to a clinically feasible remedy modality. This article gives an in-intensity exploration of gene remedy packages in uncommon illnesses, emphasizing each scientific effects and translational studies views. The overview synthesizes cutting-edge literature on vector platforms, transport mechanisms, and sickness-precise interventions, with a focal point on issues which includes spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), Leber’s congenital amaurosis (LCA), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and hemophilia. Methodological techniques for medical and translational studies are discussed, along outcomes from latest trials that show upgrades in affected person survival, practical consequences, and first-class of life. Furthermore, the item examines current demanding situations—which include immune responses, production scalability, regulatory hurdles, and fee barriers—at the same time as offering strategic destiny instructions to beautify healing accessibility and sustainability. Through a complete synthesis of proof, this take a look at underscores the ability of gene remedy to redefine the healing panorama for uncommon sicknesses at the same time as highlighting the crucial want for persisted multidisciplinary collaboration.
Precision Medicine in Translational Health: Bridging Genomics and Clinical Practice
ABSTRACT Precision medication has emerged as a transformative paradigm in medical and translational health, leveraging genomics, molecular diagnostics, and superior computational equipment to supply personalised interventions. This studies explores the intersection of genomics and medical application, emphasizing how translational frameworks bridge laboratory discoveries with affected person care. A mixed-strategies method became employed, combining systematic literature review, professional interviews, and secondary medical trial records evaluation to study the efficacy, implementation challenges, and moral concerns of precision medicinal drug. Results spotlight the important position of biomarker identification, bioinformatics infrastructure, and interdisciplinary collaboration in improving affected person outcomes. However, sizeable adoption faces barriers, inclusive of records standardization, integration into present healthcare systems, and equitable access. This observe contributes to the developing frame of information with the aid of using offering a sensible translational version that quickens the scientific integration of genomics-primarily based totally precision remedy.