ACADEMIA International Journal of Clinical & Translational Health
ACADEMIA International Journal of Clinical & Translational Health (AIJCTH) is a peer-reviewed, hybrid‑open‑access journal under Academia International Journals. It publishes original research, reviews, case reports, commentaries, short communications, and letters to the editor across clinical and translational medicine. The journal employs a double‑blind review process, ensuring rigorous yet efficient manuscript evaluation. AIJCTH aims to bridge lab discoveries and practical healthcare, promoting the dissemination of applied medical science internationally
Vaccines and Misinformation: A Public Health Battle
Vaccination is one of the best of the effective forms of interventions in the public health sector but misinformation has emerged as one of the biggest obstacles to the high immunization rates in the entire world. Marketplace misinformation resulting in social media myths, conspiracy theories and vaccine hesitancy in Pakistan have made disease control and public health campaigns difficult. This paper will analyze how the problem of vaccine misinformation has expanded and shaped the public attitude and beliefs as well as uptake of immunization in Pakistan, using the simulated primary data. To measure the knowledge, attitudes and the misinformation sources of 500 females, there was a mixed-method approach that involved quantitative (via surveys) and qualitative interviews. The results suggest that 42 percent of people who participated in the research claimed that they were exposed to misinformation about vaccines either through social media, religious platforms, or even their friends or colleagues. The feeling of misinformation was associated with low rates of vaccination, a surplus of fear over side effects of vaccinations status and mistrust of health authorities. There was qualitative data that indicated that lack of awareness and access to good quality information and cultural beliefs complicate the issue. The authors reach the conclusion that the fight against misinformation should be based on synergies in relation to the field of the health of the population, in particular, the case of specially developed campaigns, working with local leaders, and restricting the content of social media sources.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Akhtar Malik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Invisible Killers: How Lifestyle Diseases Are Replacing Infections
The last several decades were rather dramatic in the global health contexts: the lifestyle diseases, otherwise called the non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are replacing the infectious diseases as the dominant cause of morbidity and mortality. The causes of these invisible killers including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer and chronic respiratory diseases, among others, are to a large extent due to modifiable lifestyle factors which include physical inactivity, poor diets, tobacco use and obesity. NCDs burden is increasing sharply in Pakistan that is currently a significant contributor in a wide range of morbidities and mortality as the health systems traditionally concentrated on the control of infectious diseases were challenged. The study integrates simulated primary data on Pakistan and existing literature to investigate the epidemiological change and risk factors, health outcomes, and policy implications of lifestyle diseases. The study incorporates both the review of survey data on lifestyle behaviour and clinical risk profile and usage of health services with the use of a qualitative approach to interview experience of thought and perceptions of disease risk. Results point at the lifestyle determinants as the factor that prevails in creating the patterns of diseases and reveal the gaps in awareness, prevention plans, and preparedness of the health systems. The paper is also summarized with certain suggestions regarding how to make the response of the population more vigorous in terms of responding to illnesses because this would only guarantee the improvement of health-related behaviour and relink health mechanisms to proper prevention and control of NCDs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abiha Fatima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Children of the Screen: Digital Life and Mental Well-being
The sudden explosion of the digital technologies has increased the pluses of childhood experience in the world drastically. Children today are growing up surrounded by screens from their smartphone, tablet, computer, and their television, which can affect their cognitive, emotional, and social development. While being a source of educational opportunity, creativity and connectivity, digital media has seen concerns regarding its impact on the mental well-being of children. This research article focuses upon the relationship of digital life and mental health among children through global perspective using a combination of simulated primary data from the Pakistan. The study examines the patterns of screen use, psychological outcomes which can include anxiety, depression, attention problems and sleep disturbances and the moderating role of family, school and social environments. Using mixed-method approach, the research use of the information of quantification gathered through surveys and the qualitative analysis of children's mental wellbeing on the basis of their digital exposure. Findings suggest that excess use of screens and lack of regulations is linked with negative mental health, but positive and balanced use of technology and the internet supports learning and social connection. The study comes to the conclusion that digital life is not necessarily harmful or positive, but the effect it has on children's mental well-being depends on the way they use it, the way their parents mediate and the wider socio-cultural situation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rehan Shakeel, Sadaf Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bridging the Health Gap: Can Technology Deliver Fair Care?
In the modern world, technological innovation has changed how healthcare systems operate, and it has provided new opportunities to make them more accessible, high-quality and efficient. The possibility of technology making healthcare fair, however, is a relevant and debatable issue. Equity is commonly defined as fairness that deals with health resources, services and outcomes that are distributed fairly irrespective of the socioeconomic status, geography, gender and ethnicity. This research paper delves into how digital health technologies, such as telemedicine and electronic health records, artificial intelligence, mobile health applications, and health information systems caused or minimized healthcare inequalities. Based on a method of global analytical framework and restriction to a particular country, Pakistan, the research assesses the impact of technological interventions in healthcare equity that has been offered to low- and middle-income countries. The research follows the mixed-method approach as, in the future, it is planned to include the primary data part of the study (that will be based in Pakistan) but supplemented by the vast amount of secondary literature. The results indicate that although technology can lead to fairer healthcare through offering greater access and efficiency, structural inequalities, digital divides, failures in governance, and unequal uptake of technology tend to constrain its reasonable nature. The paper arrives at the finding that technology cannot bring about equity in healthcare unless set with making inclusive policies, ethical governance, and implementation strategies relevant to the context.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Umer Maqsood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Burnout Nation: Stress, Work, and Mental Health Crisis
The global workforce is under the pressure of unprecedented levels of stress and burnout levels, which are approaching the mental health crisis that affects the productivity, personal wellbeing, and the operating of society, as a whole. The rapid economic processes in Pakistan, labour competition, and working relatively long hours have put pressure on both employees and there is the lack of empirical research on work burnout. The research problem which is proposed is research about the incidence of stress and burnout in the workplaces of Pakistan, the causes and effects using a simulated primary data. The research question is the relationship of work load on job demands, organizational support and the mental health outcome (anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep disturbances). The study will also incorporate a mixed-method design since quantitative data collected will be based on surveys and qualitative information will be collected as interviews will be conducted with individuals to explore personal, organizational and socio-cultural factors that may cause burnout. The findings indicate that high workloads, poor work-life balance, and poor organizational support have a strong association with high burnout and poor mental health outcomes. The supportive management, flexible working arrangements and interventions targeting the construction of resilience on the other hand are linked with the positive psychological outcomes. The study finds the mitigation of burnout should be implemented in a holistic manner as the organizational policies, employee well-being schemes, and social consciousness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Palwasha Nasir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Workplace Stress, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intentions: A Study of Service Sector Employees
The stress at the workplace has turned out to be a burning issue to companies, especially service companies where workers are subjected to heavy workload, contact with customers and emotional labour. The stress may adversely affect the job satisfaction, which affects turnover intentions of employees, organizational performance, and productivity. This paper will address the correlation between stress at the workplace, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions of employees operating in the service sector. Under a quantitative research strategy, the research gathered data in the form of structured survey by employees in various service organizations in Lahore district. The results also show that there are significant negative relationships between the greater the workplace stress levels and the lower the job satisfaction and turnover intentions. On the other hand, job satisfaction lessens the stress impact on turnover intentions. The research paper underscores the significance of organizational interventions that include stress management programs, employee engagement programs, and conducive work environments to increase the level of employee satisfaction and the low rate of attrition in the service sector.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muneeb Ur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of Machine Learning Models to Predict Clinical Outcomes in Low-Resource Settings
Healthcare systems in low-resource environments are usually challenged by limited medical staff, poor diagnostic tools, and delayed clinical decision processes. These restrictions add to the risk of preventable morbidity and mortality. Recent developments in machine learning (ML) provide promising prospects to assist healthcare workers with the predictive analysis of the outcomes of clinical cases based on routine patient data. This study investigates the use of ML models (logistic regression, random forests, support vector machines and artificial neural networks) to predict key factors such as disease course, risk of death, race, response to treatment and risk of readmission to the hospital. Based on evidence in low and middle-income settings (LMIC), the main message of the paper is the potential of ML to help improve the accuracy of diagnostics, optimize triage and resource allocations. However, challenges such as the lack of a large quantity of data, poor quality of data, limited computational infrastructure and lack of technical expertise have impeded large-scale implementation. The study concludes that integration of ML models into clinical workflows could play a major role in improving patient outcomes that they say, in low resource setting futures, as long as ethical considerations, stakeholder training and context-specific model customisation are prioritized.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nauman Ali Ch (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Translational Strategies for Implementing Point-of-Care Diagnostics in Rural Healthcare Systems
The point-of-care (POC) diagnostics has emerged as a technological breakthrough in healthcare services in rural and resourceful locations where no laboratory facilities, or professional staff, are available, as well as no fast-track access to medical exams. This paper discusses the translation strategies which can enable the successful introduction of POC diagnostic technologies into rural health care systems. Drawing on evidence from around the world, the study delves into some of the challenges around incorporating POC diagnostics - including supply chain limitations, cost barriers, the need for training and regulatory restrictions - and ways forward, that bridge the gap between innovation and how it is used in clinical practice around the world. The findings suggest that successful translation calls for a coordinated response including engagement with the community, capacity-building of health workers, integrating digital health, supporting polices, sustainable financial mechanisms and context specific device design. The conclusion the paper came to was that POC diagnostics can have a significant impact on improving disease detection, patient outcomes and health resilience of health systems in rural areas, if coupled with strong translational frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sadaf Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of Clinical Translational Research in Achieving Health-Related SDGs in LMICs
Clinical translational research (CTR) is an important factor in translating scientific findings to real-life health outcomes particularly in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). CTR can also help bridge the gap between laboratory innovations and accessible diagnostics, therapeutics and population health interventions, contributing to an increase in health related SDGs (SDG 3 in particular Good Health and Well-Being). Resource scarcity, ineffective health systems, excessive disease burden, and research inadequacy are the chronic problems of LMICs that hamper the pace of implementing evidence-based interventions. CTR offers a model of enhancing health systems using context-driven implementation, service to communities and capacity building. In this paper, the authors explore the contribution of the CTR to the development of SDGs by mapping the improvement of disease prevention, early diagnosis, equitable access, and health innovation in the LMICs through translational processes. The results demonstrate that the main aspects of sustainable health development involve the creation of CTR infrastructure, the enhancement of regulatory conditions, and enhanced relationships between academia, governments, and local communities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rehan Shakeel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Health Policy and Healthcare System Strengthening: Evaluating the Role of Primary Healthcare in Reducing Health Inequities
It is not a secret that primary healthcare (PHC) can be considered the key of any fair and properly structured health system, and in the countries of low- and middle-income, the unequal accessibility, affordability, and quality of the provided services is one of the most urgent questions. Health inequity can be reduced through the adoption of effective health policies coupled with combining service delivery, community based, and financing mechanisms to enhance the PHC in order to improve the overall health of the population. The paper is a critique of the role played by PHC in strengthening health systems on a wider basis and it uses the available evidence on the topic around the world to evaluate the role of PHC-based systems in facilitating equity, enhancing access to services by the marginalized populations and strengthening the resiliency of the system over the long term. The findings have indicated that the nations, which are more PHC oriented, have health indicators that are superior, financial hardship that is lower and unequal care usage. The study finds that it would be necessary to redesign the policies to concentrate on the PHC investments, community involvement, multisector cooperation, and universal health insurance
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Umer Maqsood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Future of Translational Health for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
It is turning into more and more more clean that translational fitness studies is a vital milestone towards the conclusion of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, (SDGs) via way of means of translating medical breakthroughs into inexpensive fitness care interventions. This paper analyses how translation fitness should make contributions to the fulfillment of SDGs withinside the destiny, in particular improving fitness fairness and sustainable systems. The evaluation offers the contributions, barriers, and possibilities on this subject the use of a story literature review, WHO and UN reports, and 2015-2025 international case studies. Results display that development has been made in growing vaccines, maternal and early life fitness, and virtual fitness thru translational fitness, however there are nevertheless problems that want to be addressed along with gaps in funding, insufficient infrastructure, and absence of coverage integration to recognize the total capability of translational fitness. The mapping of techniques as opposed to SDG signs additionally indicates glaring connections with SDG 3 (Good Health), SDG 9 (Innovation) in addition to SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities). The paper determines that cross-zone collaboration, equitable access, and alignment with worldwide improvement priorities are the destiny of translational fitness and can be a transformative motive force of the 2030 Agenda.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Muhammad Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Big Data, AI, and Machine Learning in Translational Health
Translational fitness is a much-wished hyperlink among biomedical studies on one side, and medical studies and implementation of fitness withinside the populace on the opposite side. With the continuing exponential boom withinside the quantity of virtual technology, the destiny of translational remedy is being converted through large statistics, synthetic intelligence (AI), and gadget getting to know (ML). Big records has immense, complicated and heterogeneous reassets of facts in genomic sequencing, digital fitness records, wearable gadgets and biomedical imaging. Computation, AI, and ML offer computational assets to provide actionable intelligence on the premise of those streams of facts, which may be applied to customize remedy, create drugs, offer early diagnoses, and streamline fitness systems. These possibilities nonetheless face massive limitations withinside the shape of records interoperability, set of rules bias, law and privateness and fairness troubles. This article describes how large information, synthetic intelligence, and gadget getting to know can guide the development of a translational fitness, concerning methodological frameworks, activities, troubles and prospects. Such technology may be included in a accountable way to acquire a bench to bedside to network translational fitness procedure quicker such that biomedical improvements may be pretty and similarly added to diverse populations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Sophia Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrating Translational Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs)
Translational health—the process of translating findings from basic science into clinical testing and on into population effect—is a powerful vehicle for building health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Integration, however, is uneven because of structural underinvestment, workforce shortages, supply-chain vulnerabilities, regulatory obstacles, and disparities in data and research environments. Based on health system and implementation science models (e.g., CFIR, RE-AIM), the article combines evidence and learning from LMIC experience across communicable and non-communicable diseases, maternal and child health, and emergency responses (Ebola, COVID-19). We examine barriers and facilitators in seven areas: governance and regulation; financing and incentives; research infrastructure and ethics; service delivery and quality; data and digital health; supply chains and local manufacturing; and community engagement and equity. We suggest an action-oriented, staged LMIC roadmap—"Discover–Adapt–Deliver–Scale–Sustain (DADSS)"—with tangible strategies such as adaptive trials within routine care, south-south consortia, pooled procurement and local manufacture, fair IP and data governance, and community-based implementation. We assert that translational health, when localized, equity-focused, and anchored in dynamic health systems, can speed progress toward universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Hassan Moin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Ideas to Impact: Building Healthier Communities
Translational fitness has emerged as a important area aiming to bridge the expertise hole among biomedical studies, scientific studies and environmental fitness practice. It makes a speciality of the interpretation of clinical understanding among the bench and the bedside and past with the intention to make certain that upgrades in medicine, technology, and fitness care transport are translated effectively into progressed affected person outcomes, populace fitness, and fitness equity. This article explores the history, principles, determinants, fashions and programs of translational fitness. It additionally highlights its position withinside the existence cycle, in worldwide fitness, and inside fitness care structures because it encounters boundaries and boundaries to powerful translation. Finally, the item talks approximately strategies, interventions, and destiny guidelines concerning how translational fitness can be bolstered as a brand new pressure withinside the cutting-edge healthcare system.
international fitness and fitness structures and public fitness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Fatima Jamil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transitional Health: Bridging Care, Systems, and Global Change
Transitional health is a complex concept describing not only the modifications in population health patterns but also the transitions that occur in the health process of each individual over a life course. It addresses the epidemiologic, demographic, and nutrition transitions at large-scale levels, whereas it concerns the fundamental transitions in healthcare provision such as the switch between pediatric and adult care, between hospital and community-based care, and between acute and chronic disease treatment. In the 21st century, transitional health is increasingly becoming an important concept as health systems around the world have to grapple with the twin challenges of endemics, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the rising prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases. Additionally, transitional health structures place special focus on equity, continuity, and sustainability in delivering health services, particularly in resource-constrained settings. This article discusses the evolution, determinants, structures, and applications of transitional health, examines global case studies, and identifies challenges and directions for the future. Through the synthesis of theoretical models and pragmatic strategies, transitional health offers a critical framework in which policymakers, clinicians, and researchers can conceptualize and enhance population health outcomes within environments in the midst of rapid change.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Ali Raza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrating Applied Medicine into Clinical Practice: Innovations, Outcomes, and Future Directions
Applied medicinal drug, a colourful and inter-disciplinary specialty, performs the intermediary function of rendering studies findings in medication into scientific practice, making medical traits switch in a significant manner into the care of patients. In the remaining decade, new virtual technologies, personalized fashions of treatment, and complicated records evaluation have converted healthcare shipping and experience. This studies delves into the prevailing state of affairs of carried out remedy with a unique hobby in real-global application, scientific outcomes, and the incorporation of superior equipment like telemedicine, wearable technologies, and AI-primarily based totally diagnostics.The article makes use of a combined method, integrating literature review, scientific case studies, and field-primarily based totally information from global fitness structures. Findings screen dramatic enhancements in persistent sickness care, medicinal drug compliance, surgical accuracy, and far off get admission to to healthcare. Of specific significance is the implemented remedy contribution to rural and underserved populations, wherein cellular fitness platforms (mHealth) and synthetic intelligence-primarily based totally diagnostic structures bridged gaps in healthcare infrastructure.Despite those advancements, numerous demanding situations remain. Issues associated with facts privacy, standardization of care, virtual literacy, and technological disparities preserve to hinder the seamless implementation of carried out scientific innovations. This article discusses those boundaries extensive and presents practical, proof-primarily based totally recommendations for overcoming them, inclusive of coverage recommendations, funding strategies, and moral frameworks.Finally, this paper emphasizes that implemented medication is greater than a technological attempt however a complete revolution withinside the method to healthcare and its shipping. The outcomes suggest that with right training, infrastructure, and moral direction, implemented remedy may be a pillar for healthcare structures healthy for the future. This have a look at provides to the present frame of proof confirming that the powerful implementation of implemented remedy is constructed on collaboration amongst technology, clinician judgment, and affected person-centric care.
Copyright (c) 2025 ACADEMIA International Journal of Clinical & Translational Health (AIJCTH) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bridging the Gap: The Evolving Role of Applied Medicine in Enhancing Clinical Practice and Patient Outcomes
Applied Medicine is the dynamic hyperlink among theoretical scientific technological know-how and its realistic translation into scientific practice. During current decades, the field has visible speedy development with developing technological improvements, interdisciplinary interaction, and evidence-primarily based totally medication, gambling a pivotal function in superior affected person outcomes, powerful transport of healthcare, and individualized care. This paper delves into the impact and evolution of carried out clinical techniques throughout various contexts like diagnostics, therapeutics, and prevention remedy. It sheds mild at the software of clinical studies in normal scientific use, with the emphasis at the aggregate of improvements together with synthetic intelligence (AI), point-of-care testing, personalised remedy protocols, and minimally invasive interventions.The reason of this studies is to assess how implemented medication is enhancing decision-making in clinics, rushing up diagnosis, shortening the remedy process, and growing affected person-centered healthcare systems. Based on latest courses among 2019–2024, complemented with the aid of using a mixed-approach studies methodology, this text summarizes each qualitative and quantitative statistics representing real-international phenomena amongst hospitals, clinics, and domestic care settings. Through an in depth evaluation of present day gear like wearable biosensors, cell fitness (mHealth) technologies, and precision remedy, the studies affords a wealthy knowledge of ways theory-primarily based totally scientific information is being effectively operationalized.In addition, the observe factors to massive demanding situations inclusive of healthcare disparities, schooling deficits, and the resistance to generation adoption as restricting elements for max software in resource-restricted environments. These findings emphasize the want for ongoing interprofessional education, bendy coverage structures, and moral adherence withinside the implementation of carried out clinical solutions. The conclusions of this paper are probably to tell destiny curriculum development, medical protocol standardization, and cross-sectoral integration techniques to boom healthcare get admission to and equity. In general, implemented medication isn't always simply a important nexus of healthcare innovation however additionally a promising pathway for sustainable profits in international fitness outcomes.
The Use of 3D Printing in Personalized Orthopedic and Prosthetic Solutions
Three-dimensional (3-d) printing has emerged as a transformative era withinside the scientific field, particularly withinside the introduction of personalised orthopedic and prosthetic solutions. With its ability to manufacture custom-match devices, implants, and fashions primarily based totally on affected person-precise data, 3-d printing addresses character anatomical wishes with a stage of precision unequalled with the aid of using conventional methods. This studies explores the development, application, and effect of 3-D printing in orthopedics and prosthetics. The have a look at outlines the historic background, substances and technology used, modern improvements in orthopedic implants and prosthetic limbs, moral and regulatory considerations, and monetary implications. Furthermore, real-global case research and scientific trials are tested to offer empirical proof helping the generation’s efficacy. The studies concludes with challenges, destiny directions, and guidelines to combine three-D printing extra comprehensively in medical practice, in the long run improving personalised affected person care in orthopedics and prosthetics.
Regenerative Medicine: Innovations in Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy
Regenerative remedy represents a paradigm shift in current healthcare, providing transformative ability for repairing, replacing, or regenerating broken tissues and organs. By leveraging interdisciplinary advances in tissue engineering, stem mobileular biology, biomaterials, and bioprinting, regenerative medication ambitions to repair physiological feature and enhance affected person outcomes. This paper offers an in-intensity exam of the center principles, technologies, and packages of regenerative medicinal drug, with a specific cognizance on tissue engineering and stem mobileular therapy. It lines the historic improvement of the field, elucidates the organic and cloth foundations underlying healing innovations, and evaluates the medical efficacy and moral implications of rising therapies. Moreover, the examine explores the monetary dimensions of world regenerative medication markets, identifies limitations to enormous implementation, and proposes destiny guidelines that could allow broader get entry to and effectiveness. By synthesizing present day proof and case studies, this paper demonstrates that regenerative medication now no longer best holds vast medical promise however additionally necessitates a nuanced method to regulation, cost, and equitable get admission to.
The Use of Virtual Reality in Pain Management and Rehabilitation
Virtual reality (VR) has evolved from an emerging entertainment technology to an emerging therapeutic technology in medicine, particularly for pain management and rehabilitation. As a highly interactive, immersive environment, VR has been found to be quite effective in pain perception modulation, physical and cognitive rehabilitation, and patient engagement. This review article systematically addresses the application of VR in acute and chronic pain, and its expanding use in motor and neurorehabilitation. The neurophysiological mechanism of VR-induced analgesia is described, available clinical evidence is reviewed, and different therapeutic modalities are discussed. The paper also addresses barriers to implementation, ethics, and economic considerations of the use of VR in clinical practice. With continued technological advancement and growing evidence of its therapeutic utility, VR has the potential to become a part of the core of personalized, non-pharmacological, and patient-centered care paradigms. This article will educate researchers, clinicians, and health policymakers regarding the multidimensional utility of VR in modern pain and rehabilitation medicine.